A Pilot Study of Blood-based Biomarkers for Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

1. Males and females, age ≥ 18 years 2. Cohort A will include patients with confirmed diagnosis of all non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) histologies including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, adenosquamous, sarcomatoid/pleomorphic, and poorly differentiated/NOS, as well as patients diagnosed with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cohort B will include patients with confirmed diagnosis of RCC (clear cell or any non-clear cell histology) receiving first treatment with immunotherapy alone or in combination therapy for metastatic disease or as adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy. 3. Patients planned for standard of care treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs, see appendix 3 for list) either as monotherapy or in combination therapy. 4. Scheduled for imaging every 6 to 12 weeks for stage IV NSCLC and RCC as is standard of care per NCCN guidelines. 5. Able to read, understand, and provide written informed consent. g. Willing to provide blood specimen and stool samples for research studies as outlined in the calendar h. ECOG performance status 0-2 i. Life expectancy ≥ 3 months

1. Individuals \<18 years of age 2. Patients who have received previous immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. 3. Unable or unwilling to provide consent. 4. Other malignancy requiring active ongoing treatment with systemic therapy (excluding hormonal therapy). 5. Women who are known to be pregnant are excluded. However no additional pregnancy testing out of what would be recommended prior to initiating anti-cancer therapy will be performed solely for this study. 6. Patients currently participating in an interventional or therapeutic clinical trial involving the use of active anti-cancer therapy.