Docetaxel + Plinabulin Compared to Docetaxel + Placebo in Patients With Advanced NSCLC

INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Males and females ≥ 18 years of age 2. ECOG performance status ≤ 2. 3. Histopathologically or cytologically confirmed non-squamous or squamous NSCLC. 4. Disease progression during or after treatment with one or two treatment regimen(s) Treatment regimens can be chemotherapy, targeted therapy, biological therapy, or immunotherapy for advanced (Stage IIIB) or metastatic disease (Stage IV). Modification of a regimen to manage toxicity with a different drug does not constitute a new regimen. Maintenance therapy following platinum-based chemotherapy is not considered as a separate regimen. Adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy and/or chemo-radiation for early stage disease do not count as prior systemic therapy. Prior radiation therapy is not exclusionary. Prior immunotherapy with a PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor is not exclusionary. Prior treatment for advanced or metastatic disease must have included a platinum-based regimen. (Treatment of early stage disease \[Stage IIIA or earlier\] with a platinum-containing therapy does not count). 5. Patients with active brain metastasis or leptomeningeal involvement with brain metastases who are asymptomatic, and whose lesions by imaging are at least stable and without interim development of new lesions for at least 4 weeks may be enrolled. Patients who require continued therapy with steroid medication for management for their brain metastases are eligible; dosing must be stable for at least 4 weeks prior to randomization; 6. Patients must have at least one measurable lung lesion of ≥10 mm by CT or MRI per RECIST 1.1 criteria. Radiographic tumor assessment is to be performed within 28 days prior to randomization; 7. All patients with non-squamous NSCLC must have been tested for 19 deletion and exon 21 L858R substitution mutation. Only patients without EGFR sensitizing mutations are eligible, and they must have progressed on platinum-based chemotherapy. Patients with known ALK-rearrangements should be treated with an appropriate tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) before entering the study. The TKI regimen would count as a line of treatment. 8. All adverse events of any prior systemic therapy, surgery, or radiotherapy, must have resolved to CTCAE (v4.03) Grade ≤2, except for neurological adverse events that must have resolved to Grade ≤1; 9. The following laboratory results from the central laboratory within 14 days prior to Cycle 1 Day 1 study drug administration. * Hemoglobin ≥9 g/dL independent of transfusion or growth factor support; * Absolute neutrophil count ≥1.5 x 109/L independent of growth factor support; * Platelet count ≥100 x 109/L independent of transfusion or growth factor support; * Serum total bilirubin ≤ ULN, unless the patient has a diagnosis of Gilbert's disease in which case serum bilirubin ≤3.0 times ULN; * AST and ALT ≤2.5 x ULN (≤1.5 x ULN if alkaline phosphatase is \>2.5 x ULN); * Serum creatinine ≤1.5 x ULN; 10. Life expectancy more than 12 weeks; 11. Female patients of childbearing potential have a negative pregnancy test at baseline. Females of childbearing potential are defined as sexually mature women without prior hysterectomy or who have had any evidence of menses in the past 12 months. However, women who have been amenorrheic for 12 or more months are still considered to be of childbearing potential if the amenorrhea is possibly due to prior chemotherapy, anti-estrogens, or ovarian suppression. 1. Women of childbearing potential (i.e., menstruating women) must have a negative urine pregnancy test (positive urine tests are to be confirmed by serum test) documented within the 24-hour period prior to the first dose of study drug. 2. Sexually active women of childbearing potential enrolled in the study must agree to use two forms of accepted methods of contraception during the course of the study and for 3 months after their last dose of study drug. Effective birth control includes (a) intrauterine device (IUD) plus one barrier method; (b) on stable doses of hormonal contraception for at least 3 months (e.g., oral, injectable, implant, transdermal) plus one barrier method; (c) 2 barrier methods. Effective barrier methods are male or female condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides (creams or gels that contain a chemical to kill sperm); or (d) a vasectomized partner. 3. For male patients who are sexually active and who are partners of premenopausal women: agreement to use two forms of contraception as in criterion 11b above during the treatment period and for at least 3 months after the last dose of study drug. 12. Signed informed consent. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients with any of the following: 1. Administration of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, biological, targeted, or radiation therapy or investigational agent (therapeutic or diagnostic) within 3 weeks prior to receipt of study medication. Major surgery, other than diagnostic surgery, within 4 weeks before first study drug administration. 2. Significant cardiac history: * History of myocardial infarction or ischemic heart disease within 1 year (within a window of 18 days) before first study drug administration; * Uncontrolled arrhythmia; * History of congenital QT prolongation; * ECG findings consistent with active ischemic heart disease; * New York Heart Association Class III or IV cardiac disease; * Uncontrolled hypertension: blood pressure consistently greater than 150 mm Hg systolic and 100 mm Hg diastolic in spite of antihypertensive medication. 3. Patients who have received prior treatment with docetaxel. 4. Prior transient ischemic attack or cerebrovascular accident within the past year (within an 18-day window). Any neurologic toxicities ≥ Grade 2 within 3 weeks of randomization. 5. History of hemorrhagic diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease or active uncontrolled peptic ulcer disease. (Concomitant therapy with ranitidine or its equivalent and/or omeprazole or its equivalent is acceptable). History of ileus or other significant gastrointestinal disorder known to predispose to ileus or chronic bowel hypomotility. 6. Active uncontrolled bacterial, viral, or fungal infection requiring systemic therapy. 7. Known infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or active hepatitis A, B, or C. 8. Known prior hypersensitivity reaction to any product containing polysorbate 80, polyoxyethylene 15 hydroxystearate/Macrogol 15 hydroxystearate (Solutol HS 15/ Kolliphor HS 15). 9. Female subject who is pregnant or lactating. 10. Second malignancy unless in remission for \>5 years. (Non-melanoma skin cancer or carcinoma in situ of the cervix treated with curative intent is not exclusionary). 11. Any medical conditions that, in the Investigator's opinion, would impose excessive risk to the patient. Examples of such conditions include uncontrolled diabetes, infection requiring parenteral anti-infective treatment, liver failure, any altered mental status or any psychiatric condition that would interfere with the understanding of the informed consent form. 12. Unwilling or unable to comply with procedures required in this protocol.