Utility of Endobronchial Ultrasound Guided Needle Biopsy in Early Stage Non- Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

1. Patient must be \>/= 18 years old. 2. Patient must have Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG)/Zubrod status 0-2. 3. Patient must have proven or suspected NSCLC (squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, or large cell) and be clinical Stage I or II, according to the 1998 staging system of the American Joint Commission on Cancer for lung cancer (T1-3 N0, T1-2 N1). 4. Patient must be eligible for definitive surgical therapy for primary NSCLC. 5. Patient or the patient's legally acceptable representative must provide written informed consent prior to registration and any study-related procedures. 6. If the patient is a survivor of a prior invasive cancer, all of the following criteria must apply: a. Patient has undergone potentially curative therapy for all prior malignancies. b. No evidence of active / recurrent disease. 7. All females of childbearing age must have a negative pregnancy test before beginning the study.

1. Patient has received prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy for this cancer. 2. Patient is considered a poor risk for surgery due to non-malignant systemic disease (cardiovascular, renal, etc.) that would preclude the treatment options. 3. Patient has contraindication to either endobronchial ultrasound or mediastinoscopy such as: history of bleeding diathesis, latex allergy, mediastinoscopy, mediastinal nodal resection, tracheostomy. 4. Patients malignancy consistent with well differentiated (carcinoid) neuroendocrine histology. 5. Patient has two separate same histology lung tumors (where the question of two separate primaries or metastatic disease makes definitive clinical staging inaccurate). 6. Females who are pregnant and/or lactating.